Starling

The common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is a medium-sized passerine bird in the family Sturnidae. Native to Europe and western Asia, it has been introduced to North America, southern Africa, Australia, and parts of South America, where it now occurs in large, established populations.

Adults are 19–23 cm long and have a short tail and a pointed bill. They appear glossy black with an iridescent purple-green sheen, and show white spots in winter; the bill is yellow in the breeding season.

The starling is highly adaptable and common in urban and agricultural habitats, often forming large flocks. It roosts communally in winter, with murmuration displays that are widely observed.

Diet is omnivorous, including insects, fruit, seeds, and waste. Foraging is largely ground-based and sometimes cooperative within flocks.

Nesting occurs in cavities such as holes in trees or buildings; clutch size is usually 4–6 eggs. Incubation lasts about 11–14 days, and nestlings fledge after 21–23 days.

In many regions, starlings are considered pests for crop damage and nuisance roosts, though they can suppress insect populations. They are also valued for ecological studies.

The species was introduced to North America in the late 19th century, notably in New York's Central Park in 1890–1891, and is now widespread across the continent.

The IUCN lists the common starling as Least Concern.