Spinosauridae

Spinosauridae is a family of theropod dinosaurs known for a distinctive combination of crocodile-like skulls, long narrow snouts, and conical, unserrated teeth. They lived during the Early to Late Cretaceous, roughly from 130 to 95 million years ago, in what are now Africa, Europe, Asia, and other regions. Spinosaurids are among the larger carnivorous dinosaurs, with Spinosaurus potentially reaching lengths of about 12 to 15 meters and other members such as Baryonyx and Suchomimus smaller but still sizable.

Anatomically, spinosaurids display a mix of features that hint at a semi-aquatic lifestyle. They have elongated skulls and jaws adapted for catching fish, strong forelimbs with large claws, and teeth that are typically straight and conical. In several taxa, tall dorsal spines give rise to sail-like structures, though the extent and function of sails vary among species. Isotopic data and morphological evidence support piscivory, though many spinosaurids were likely opportunistic predators as well.

Taxonomically, Spinosauridae is divided into two main subgroups: Spinosaurinae (spinosaurines) and Baryonychinae (baryonychines). Notable members include Spinosaurus and Irritator in Spinosaurinae, and Baryonyx and Suchomimus in Baryonychinae. The group was first named in the early 20th century, with the best-known fossils originating from Africa and Europe, but later finds broadened their known range.

The fossil record is incomplete and interpretations have shifted with new discoveries. Ongoing research focuses on their precise relationships, biomechanical capabilities, and the extent of aquatic adaptation within the clade.