Spiccata

Spiccata is a bowing technique used primarily in stringed instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass. It is characterized by a light, detached, and bounced stroke where the bow hair leaves the string briefly between each note. This creates a crisp, clear articulation that is distinct from legato or staccato.

The technique is achieved by allowing the natural weight of the bow arm and the tension of the bow hair to create a spring-like action. The player typically uses a combination of wrist and arm motion to initiate the bounce, with the speed and height of the bounce determining the character of the spiccato. Faster, higher bounces produce a more energetic and lively sound, while slower, lower bounces result in a more gentle and delicate effect.

Spiccato can be played either on the string (on-string spiccato) or off the string (off-string spiccato). Off-string spiccato is the more common understanding of the term, where the bow visibly bounces. On-string spiccato, sometimes called "spitato" or "ricochet," involves a series of rapid, successive bounces that occur so quickly they appear to remain on the string, producing a rapid, murmuring effect.

This technique is frequently employed in fast, virtuosic passages, dances, and sections requiring a light and agile sound. Composers often indicate spiccato in musical scores with specific markings, though it can also be implied by the musical context and character of the passage. Mastering spiccato requires significant control over bow speed, weight, and balance.