Speleothemek

Speleothemek is a broad term encompassing mineral deposits that form within caves. These formations are created by the slow accumulation of dissolved minerals, primarily calcite, that precipitate from water seeping through the cave roof and walls. The most common type of speleothem is a stalactite, which hangs from the ceiling, and a stalagmite, which rises from the floor.

The process begins when rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and soil, becoming weakly acidic. As this acidic water percolates through limestone or other soluble rocks, it dissolves the rock material. When the water emerges into a cave atmosphere, the carbon dioxide is released, causing the dissolved calcium carbonate to precipitate out. Over thousands of years, this continuous deposition builds up the characteristic shapes of speleothems.

Other types of speleothems include columns, formed when a stalactite and stalagmite merge; flowstones, sheet-like deposits formed by water flowing over surfaces; draperies or curtains, formed by water trickling down an inclined ceiling; and helictites, which grow in irregular, twisting formations defying gravity. The intricate shapes and formations of speleothems are influenced by factors such as water flow rate, the concentration of dissolved minerals, air currents within the cave, and the specific mineral composition of the surrounding rock. They are important indicators of past environmental conditions and can provide valuable scientific data.