Sool

Sool is a region in the Horn of Africa, located in the northern part of Somaliland and extending into eastern Somalia. The de facto capital of the region is Las Anod. The political status of Sool is disputed: Somaliland administers most of the territory as part of its self-declared but internationally unrecognized state, while Puntland has asserted claims to portions of the area, leading to periodic competition over governance and security.

Geography and demographics: Sool lies in a predominantly arid to semi-arid landscape where pastoralism is a central way of life. The population is primarily Somali, with major clan groups including the Dhulbahante and Warsangali, among others. Somali is the dominant language, and Islam is the principal religion. Economic activity is concentrated in livestock herding, informal trade, and small-scale markets. Seasonal grazing and cross-border movement with neighboring regions influence local livelihoods.

History and governance: The region has long been part of broader Somali political dynamics and has experienced governance ambiguity due to overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland. In the post-1990s era, Sool has seen periodic clashes and security challenges linked to competing administrative authorities, resource access, and local politics. Administrative control remains uneven, with Somaliland providing local government structures in most areas, while Puntland has sought to extend its reach in parts of Sool.

Economy and culture: Livestock production, especially goats and camels, forms the economic backbone for many residents, complemented by trade through regional markets. Social and cultural life centers on clan networks, customary law, and Islamic practices. The region’s culture reflects Somali traditions, music, poetry, and a heritage of pastoral mobility.

See also: Somaliland, Puntland, Las Anod, Dhulbahante.