Sintetik

Sintetik refers to substances and processes produced by chemical synthesis rather than occurring naturally. The term is used in science and industry to distinguish man-made products from those that arise in nature, and it is often contrasted with semi-synthetic products derived from natural materials. In many languages, sintetik or syntetik is used as the equivalent of the English term synthetic.

In chemistry and materials science, synthetic compounds include active pharmaceutical ingredients manufactured in laboratories, while in materials science, synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and polyester dominate modern plastics. Synthetic fibers (nylon, polyester), synthetic rubbers (neoprene, silicone), and synthetic dyes and pigments are widely used.

Industrial processes involve polymerization, condensation, and other reactions to assemble molecules and create materials with specified properties such as strength, durability, or resistance to heat. Synthetic fuels and chemicals produced from carbon sources also play a major role in energy and manufacturing sectors.

Distinctions: Semi-synthetic drugs derived from natural products and chemically modified (for example, semi-synthetic penicillins) are common in medicine, while fully synthetic drugs and materials are designed from scratch.

History and impact: The development of synthetic dyes in the 19th century spurred modern industry, followed by plastics, synthetic fibers, and other materials in the 20th century. Today, synthetic technology underpins pharmaceuticals, electronics, and energy.

Contemporary concerns: Environmental impact, persistence in ecosystems, recycling, and the need for sustainable production and regulation shape ongoing research in synthesis, green chemistry, and policy.