Signaaltransformatie

Signaaltransformatie, also known as signal transduction, is the process by which a cell responds to external stimuli. This typically involves a series of biochemical events that convert one type of signal into another. The external signal, often a molecule like a hormone or neurotransmitter, binds to a specific receptor on the cell surface. This binding event initiates a cascade of intracellular reactions.

These intracellular reactions often involve the activation or inactivation of enzymes, the release of second messengers, or changes in protein conformation. Second messengers, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) or calcium ions (Ca2+), are small molecules that amplify the initial signal within the cell. This amplification allows for a more robust cellular response.

Ultimately, signal transduction leads to a specific cellular outcome. This outcome can vary widely and includes processes like cell growth, differentiation, metabolism changes, or even cell death. The precise nature of the signal and the cellular machinery involved determine the ultimate response. Dysregulation of signal transduction pathways is implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer and diabetes, making it a crucial area of biological research.