Sianat

Sianat, commonly rendered as cyanate in English, refers to the cyanate group (-OCN) or to salts derived from cyanic acid (HOCN). The cyanate ion has the formula OCN− and is the conjugate base of cyanic acid. Compounds containing this group are called cyanates; common salts include sodium cyanate (NaOCN), potassium cyanate (KOCN), and ammonium cyanate (NH4OCN). Cyanates are distinct from cyanides (CN−) and isocyanates (R−N=C=O).

Structure and properties: The cyanate ion is linear and can be described by resonance forms such as O=C=N− and −O−C≡N. In solid form, cyanate salts are typically white and water-soluble. Cyanate esters and related organic cyanates are also known and play important roles in organic and polymer chemistry.

Applications and significance: In inorganic synthesis, cyanates serve as precursors to various nitrogen-containing compounds, including carbamates and ureas. In polymer technology, cyanate esters are used to make high-temperature, chemically resistant resins and networks employed in electronics, coatings, and aerospace materials. The historical conversion of ammonium cyanate to urea demonstrated the connection between inorganic chemistry and organic synthesis, marking a milestone in the development of modern chemistry.

Safety and handling: Cyanates and cyanate esters can be irritants and, under certain conditions, may release toxic isocyanates upon heating or decomposition. Proper ventilation, protective equipment, and cautious handling are recommended, with avoidance of inhalation and contact with skin and eyes. Reactive with strong acids or bases.

See also: cyanide, isocyanate, cyanuric acid, urethane, urea.