Selfidentifications

Self-identifications are attributes and aspects of a person that individuals affirm about themselves, such as gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexuality, disability, and other personal characteristics. They reflect a person’s sense of identity and social belonging and can be expressed in speech, writing, or through choices like pronouns and publicly stated affiliations.

Self-identification is subjective and may differ from how others categorize a person. Some identities are fluid or context-dependent, and individuals may hold multiple identities that intersect in complex ways—for example, race and gender or ethnicity and nationality. External classifications can sometimes constrain or misrepresent self-identifications, underscoring the distinction between self-identified and ascribed identities.

In research and policy, self-identification guides data collection, program eligibility, and inclusive practices. It can improve relevance and respect, but it also poses challenges for measurement and comparability, since different surveys or institutions may use varying categories or require respondents to choose a single option. Privacy, consent, and the potential for stigma are important considerations when collecting self-identified information.

Identities can evolve over time, influenced by personal growth, social changes, or shifts in context. The concept of intersectionality highlights how overlapping identities shape experiences, opportunities, and barriers to resources and rights.

Ethical considerations include obtaining informed consent, protecting privacy, honoring self-definition, and avoiding coercive labeling. Practices should offer flexible options beyond fixed categories and allow respondents to decline to answer if desired.

See also: self-concept, identity, pronouns, census and demographic data, identity politics.