Scléral

Scléral refers to anything relating to the sclera. The sclera is the opaque, fibrous, protective outer layer of the eye that maintains its shape and protects the internal structures. It is commonly known as the "white of the eye." The sclera is primarily composed of dense connective tissue, predominantly collagen.

The sclera is continuous with the cornea at the front of the eye and the dura mater, the outer covering of the brain, at the optic nerve. Its thickness varies, being thinnest in the anterior portion and thickest beneath the rectus muscles. This tough, white tissue provides a rigid framework for the eye and serves as an attachment point for the extraocular muscles that control eye movement.

Inflammation of the sclera is known as scleritis. This condition can cause significant eye pain, redness, and blurred vision, and in severe cases, can lead to vision loss. It is often associated with systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Scleral lenses are another application of the term. These are large-diameter contact lenses that rest on the sclera rather than the cornea. They are often used to correct severe vision problems caused by irregular corneas, such as those resulting from keratoconus or post-surgical complications. These lenses vault over the cornea, creating a tear-filled space that corrects refractive errors and provides a smooth optical surface.