Schwartzértékelmélet

Schwartzértékelmélet, also known as Schwartz Value Theory, is a theory of basic human values developed by psychologist Shalom H. Schwartz. The theory posits that there are universal human values that serve as guiding principles in people's lives. These values are understood as desirable goals that motivate behavior. Schwartz identified ten broad value categories that are organized into a circular structure. This structure represents relationships between different values, with adjacent values being similar and opposing values being in conflict.

The ten basic values are: self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, security, conformity, tradition, benevolence, and universalism. Each of these values represents a distinct motivational goal. For example, self-direction is about independence of thought and action, while security is about safety and stability. The theory suggests that individual differences in values can be explained by their position within this motivational continuum. Furthermore, Schwartzértékelmélet proposes that these values are shaped by universal requirements of human existence: biological needs, the need for coordinated social interaction, and the demands of group functioning. The theory has been widely used in psychology and other social sciences to understand attitudes, behaviors, and cultural differences.