Schluckfunktionen

Schluckfunktionen, also known as swallowing functions, refer to the complex physiological processes involved in the voluntary and involuntary act of swallowing. This function is essential for safe and efficient intake of liquids and solids, ensuring proper nutrition and hydration while protecting the respiratory tract from aspiration.

The process of swallowing can be divided into three main phases: the oral phase, the pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase. In the oral phase, the voluntary movement of the tongue and other oral muscles prepares the bolus for swallowing and propels it toward the oropharynx. The pharyngeal phase is involuntary and involves the reflexive closure of the airway (larynx) and opening of the upper esophageal sphincter, allowing the bolus to pass from the pharynx into the esophagus. During the esophageal phase, rhythmic muscular contractions called peristalsis move the bolus down the esophagus toward the stomach.

Schluckfunktionen are coordinated by a complex neural network involving the central and peripheral nervous systems, including cranial nerves such as the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Various factors can influence swallowing, including neurological disorders (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease), structural abnormalities, and age-related changes.

Impairments in swallowing, termed dysphagia, can lead to complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration. Diagnosis often involves clinical examinations and instrumental assessments like videofluoroscopy or fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation. Treatment may include behavioral therapy, dietary modifications, or surgical interventions to restore safe swallowing functions.