SWORD

A sword is a long edged weapon designed for cutting, thrusting, or both, typically with a blade attached to a handle. The hilt usually includes a guard and a pommel to balance the weapon and protect the hand. Swords vary in curvature, length, and edge configuration; blades can be single-edged or double-edged, and many feature a fuller or central groove to reduce weight.

The term encompasses a wide range of weapons produced around the world over many centuries. Early swords emerged in the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, evolving from short stabbing blades to longer, more versatile forms. In Europe, arming swords and longswords dominated medieval warfare, while in the Middle East and Central Asia, straight and curved swords with varied guard styles appeared. East Asian swords such as the katana, jian, and dao reflect different metallurgical traditions and fighting techniques. Materials and methods included crucible steel, pattern welding, and later hardened and tempered blades to achieve a balance of hardness and resilience.

In historical contexts, swords served as primary battlefield arms, household weapons, and symbols of status and authority. With the rise of firearms, swords shifted largely to ceremonial use, sporting, and historical martial arts. Modern swordsmanship includes competitive fencing with foil, epee, and sabre, as well as martial arts that reconstruct historical fighting techniques. Contemporary swords are also produced as decorative items and replicas for collectors and reenactors.

Despite regional differences, the sword remains a potent cultural symbol and a milestone in the development of metallurgy, weapon design, and martial practice.