Süntaks

Süntaks is the study of the principles and rules that govern the structure of phrases and sentences in a language. The term corresponds to "syntax" in many languages and covers how words combine to form well-formed expressions, the hierarchical organization of sentence elements, and the relationships between constituents such as subject, predicate and object.

In linguistics, süntaks is distinct from morphology (the study of word formation) and semantics (the study of meaning), though it interacts closely with both. Approaches to süntaks include descriptive grammars that record patterns in particular languages, and formal theories—such as generative grammar, dependency grammar and head-driven phrase structure grammar—that model syntactic structure using rules, trees or constraints. Key topics include phrase structure, word order typology, agreement, movement, constituency and subordination.

Süntaks is also important in related fields: in psycholinguistics it informs research on sentence processing and acquisition; in computational linguistics it underlies parsing algorithms and grammar formalisms; in language teaching it guides instruction on sentence formation and coherence. Historical study traces modern syntactic theory to developments in the 19th and 20th centuries, including structuralism and the work of Noam Chomsky. Practical applications range from natural language processing to grammar description and language standardization.