Röntgenspridning

Röntgenspridning, also known as X-ray scattering, is a powerful analytical technique used to investigate the structural properties of materials at the atomic and molecular level. It involves directing a beam of X-rays at a sample and observing how the X-rays are scattered in different directions. The pattern of scattered X-rays provides information about the arrangement of atoms and molecules within the material.

There are several types of röntgenspridning, with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) being two common variations. SAXS is sensitive to larger structures, typically in the range of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, and is used to study the size, shape, and distribution of particles or structures. WAXS probes atomic-scale arrangements, providing information about crystal structure, lattice parameters, and molecular orientation, typically on angstrom to nanometer length scales.

The fundamental principle behind röntgenspridning is the interaction of X-rays with the electrons in the sample. When X-rays encounter electrons, they are deflected from their original path, a phenomenon known as scattering. The intensity and angular distribution of the scattered X-rays depend on the electron density distribution within the material. By analyzing these scattering patterns, researchers can deduce crucial structural details.

Röntgenspridning finds applications across a wide range of scientific disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine. It is used to characterize crystalline and amorphous materials, polymers, proteins, nanoparticles, and colloids. The technique is non-destructive, meaning the sample can often be analyzed without damage, making it invaluable for studying delicate biological samples or precious materials.