Rumor

A rumor is unverified information that circulates informally among people. It often concerns people, events, or institutions and arises in situations of uncertainty or ambiguity. Rumors may include forecasts, allegations, or explanations and can be true, false, or partially accurate, but they are defined by the absence of confirmed evidence at the time of spread.

Rumors spread through social networks, conversations, emails, and increasingly via social media and messaging apps. They spread more readily when content is ambiguous, sensational, emotionally engaging, or relevant to the audience's concerns. Individuals may share rumors to reduce uncertainty, seek social bonding, or influence others, and networks amplify repeats and variations.

Effects can range from harmless curiosity to reputational damage, political manipulation, or market moves. Verification relies on evidence from reliable sources, official statements, or corroborating data. Debunking helps, but corrections may not reach the same audience or may even reinforce belief if preconceived notions exist. Ethical and legal issues include defamation risk.

Historically, rumors have shaped public perception and behavior. Notable examples include the Great Moon Hoax of 1835, which described life on the moon and boosted newspaper sales. In modern times, rumors often spread rapidly online during crises or elections, highlighting the importance of media literacy and fact-checking. See also gossip, misinformation, disinformation, rumor mill.