Romantiikan

Romantiikan, or Romanticism, was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th century in Europe and flourished into the mid-19th century. It developed as a reaction against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason, order, and classical rules, elevating emotion, imagination, and individual experience. Romantic thinkers and artists sought to restore a sense of wonder, the spiritual dimension of nature, and the dignity of the common person, often drawing on folklore, medieval history, and national traditions.

Key themes include the primacy of subjective perception, the restorative value of nature, the exploration of self and memory, and an interest in the sublime, the mysterious, and the supernatural. The movement also encouraged innovation in form and genre, celebrated genius and creativity, and sometimes expressed political or national sentiments through literature and art.

Romanticism took regional forms. In Britain, poets such as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats emphasized nature, emotion, and imagination. In the German-speaking world, figures like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, and Novalis connected personal feeling with wider questions about culture and history. In visual arts and music, Caspar David Friedrich, J. M. W. Turner, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, and Frédéric Chopin are often cited as emblematic, linking mood, landscape, and expressive depth.

The Romantic legacy influenced later movements, including nationalistic currents in the 19th century and the emergence of Realism, while leaving a lasting emphasis on individual perspective, the significance of nature, and the role of imagination in culture. In Finnish culture, Romantiikka contributed to national romantic ideals and subsequent literary and cultural development.