Romannumeralbased

Roman numeral-based refers to representations of integers using the classical symbols I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. In this system numbers are formed by combining symbols with additive and subtractive rules rather than place value.

The basic symbols and values are I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. Numbers are usually formed by adding values from left to right, with smaller values placed before larger values to indicate subtraction (IV=4, IX=9, XL=40, XC=90, CD=400, CM=900).

The subtractive notation reduces repetition and limits consecutive identical symbols to typically three in a row (for example VIII for 8). Some uses allow more than three repeats, but standard modern Roman numerals avoid repeating a symbol more than three times in a row.

History and usage: Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained in use through the medieval and early modern periods for clocks, monarchic regnal numbers, chapter and page numbering, and in formal inscriptions. In modern contexts they serve stylistic or traditional roles rather than computational convenience.

For practical applications, algorithms are used to convert integers to Roman numerals and vice versa. Common methods employ a descending list of symbol-value pairs and a greedy approach. Limitations include difficulty with arithmetic, lack of a place-value system, and limited scalability beyond thousands without extended notation such as overlines.

See also Roman numerals; numeral systems; subtractive notation.