Robo1

ROBO1 (Roundabout homolog 1) is a gene that encodes a member of the Roundabout (Robo) family of axon guidance receptors. The ROBO1 protein is a single-pass transmembrane receptor with an extracellular region that contains immunoglobulin-like domains and fibronectin type III repeats, a single transmembrane helix, and a conserved cytoplasmic tail that transduces signals to the cytoskeleton. It belongs to the Slit–Robo signaling axis, in which Slit ligands bind Robo receptors to influence cell migration and axon pathfinding.

In development, ROBO1 mediates Slit-dependent repulsion of navigating axons at the central nervous system midline. This signaling helps commissural neurons cross the midline once and then steer away from the midline to establish proper connectivity. ROBO1 also participates in neuronal migration and, in some contexts, vascular patterning. In vertebrates, ROBO1 interacts with other Robo family members and Slit ligands (Slit1–Slit3) to shape neural circuits and tissue organization.

ROBO1 is expressed in multiple tissues, notably the developing brain and vasculature, and its signaling integrates with other guidance systems to coordinate cellular movement. Animal studies, including Robo1 knockout mice, show defects in commissural tracts and misrouting of axons, supporting a role in midline navigation and neuronal wiring.

Clinical and research highlights include investigations into genetic variation at ROBO1 and associations with developmental dyslexia or language-related traits, though findings are not yet conclusive. Overall, ROBO1 is recognized as a key contributor to Slit–Robo–mediated guidance with wide implications for neural development and tissue morphogenesis.