Retinopátia

Retinopatia is a general term for damage to the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. This damage can lead to vision loss. Various conditions can cause retinopatia, often affecting the small blood vessels within the retina.

One common cause is diabetic retinopathy, which occurs in individuals with diabetes. High blood sugar levels over time can damage these delicate blood vessels, causing them to leak fluid or bleed. New, abnormal blood vessels may also grow on the surface of the retina, which can lead to scar tissue formation and retinal detachment. Symptoms can include blurred vision, floaters, or even sudden vision loss.

Hypertensive retinopathy is another form, resulting from high blood pressure. Prolonged elevated blood pressure can damage retinal blood vessels, leading to swelling, bleeding, and exudates (deposits of fluid and fat). This can affect visual acuity and may not present with noticeable symptoms in its early stages.

Retinopatia of prematurity (ROP) affects premature infants. The blood vessels in the retina may not develop properly, leading to abnormal growth and potential detachment. ROP requires careful monitoring and treatment to prevent permanent vision impairment.

Other causes of retinopatia include sickle cell retinopathy, vein or artery occlusions, and age-related macular degeneration, though the latter is often categorized separately. Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including dilation of the pupils to view the retina, and may include imaging tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) or fluorescein angiography. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity, and can involve laser therapy, injections into the eye, or surgery to preserve vision.