Refrains

A refrain is a line or a group of lines that is repeated at intervals within a poem, song, or hymn. It can appear after each stanza or at key points in a passage, and may be a single line or a longer, stanza-like unit. Refrains may be identical in wording across repetitions or may vary slightly to fit the evolving context of the surrounding text.

Historically, refrains are common in oral and written traditions, including medieval poetry, folk ballads, and hymns. They serve to reinforce a central theme, aid memory, and provide a familiar touchstone for listeners or readers. In many traditional ballads, a refrain functions as a chorus-like anchor that links the narrative sections and gives the piece its rhythmic shape.

Distinctions and usage can vary by tradition. In music, the term refrain is sometimes used interchangeably with chorus, but there is a subtle difference: a chorus is typically a separate, self-contained section that repeats with its own lyrics, while a refrain is a recurring line or short stanza embedded within the verses. Refrains can be strictly identical or allow slight variation to accommodate changes in mood or meaning as the piece progresses.

Function and impact of refrains include emphasizing key ideas, heightening emotional effect, and enhancing musical cohesion. They contribute to memorability and audience engagement by creating a predictable, familiar moment in the work. Refrains appear across genres, including traditional folk, hymns, poetry, and contemporary popular music, where they may blend with or overlap the concept of a chorus.