Recyclates

Recyclates are materials recovered from waste streams and processed to be used as feedstock in the manufacture of new products. They are the outcome of recycling processes and are distinct from recyclable materials (items that could be recycled) and from virgin or primary materials (extracted from natural resources).

Most recyclates originate from post-consumer waste (household and commercial waste) or post-industrial waste (manufacturing scrap). They are sorted, cleaned, and processed through mechanical or chemical recycling to produce a material that meets the quality requirements of downstream manufacturers. Depending on the feedstock and technology, recyclates may be classified as remanufactured materials or upcycled into different products.

Common recyclates include paper and cardboard, metals (aluminium, steel), glass cullet, and plastics (PET, HDPE, and others). Some textiles, rubber, tires, and construction materials can also yield recyclates. The quality and purity of recyclates affect where they can be used; contaminants can limit applications and reduce value. Closed-loop recycling aims to reuse a recyclate in the same product, while open-loop recycling directs it to different products. Downcycling can occur when the recyclate loses properties.

Market dynamics and regulation influence availability. Recyclates must meet technical standards and often carry recycled-content claims. Policy instruments, such as recycled-content requirements and waste sorting rules, support use of recyclates to reduce raw material demand and environmental impact.