Radiomeetria

Radiomeetria is a field within metrology and optical physics focused on the measurement of electromagnetic radiation across spectral ranges, including infrared, visible, and ultraviolet. It encompasses radiometry, spectroradiometry, and related calibration practices aimed at quantifying radiant energy and its distribution with traceability to the International System of Units.

The central objective of radiomeetria is to define and realize quantities such as radiant flux, irradiance, radiance, and spectral radiance, as well as their photometric counterparts like luminous flux, illuminance, and luminance. These quantities may be described in broadband form or as functions of wavelength and angle, enabling characterization of sources, detectors, and optical systems.

Instrumentation used in radiomeetria includes broadband radiometers for total power measurements, spectroradiometers for spectral power distributions, photometers for luminance-based measurements, and thermal or quantum detectors such as bolometers and photodiodes. Calibration relies on traceable standards, including calibrated light sources, blackbody radiators, and integrating spheres, with corrections for spectral response, stray light, temperature effects, nonlinearity, and reciprocity failure.

Standards bodies such as ISO, IEC, and CIE provide guidelines and reference methods to ensure comparability of measurements across laboratories and applications. Radiomeetria informs a wide range of fields, including remote sensing, solar energy research, atmospheric science, astronomy instrumentation, and lighting design and quality control. The discipline continues to evolve with advances in detector technology, radiometric calibration techniques, and data processing methods to improve accuracy, reliability, and traceability of optical measurements.