RNAencapsulated

RNAencapsulated refers to RNA that is enclosed within a protective boundary, such as a protein shell, lipid layer, or polymer matrix, to shield it from nucleases and optimize delivery. In biology, RNA is routinely encapsulated for stability and function: viral genomes are packaged into capsids; ribonucleoprotein particles organize and regulate RNA in cells; extracellular vesicles and virus-like particles can carry RNA between cells.

In therapeutics, deliberate RNA encapsulation protects RNA molecules and facilitates their entry into cells. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most widely used vehicles for delivering messenger RNA, while virus-like particles and polymer-based carriers provide alternative encapsulation strategies. Encapsulation can improve half-life, enable dose control, reduce immunogenicity, and enable targeting through surface ligands. Efficiency is described by encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, and stability, as assessed by methods such as dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and RNase protection assays.

Applications include mRNA vaccines, RNA interference therapies, and delivery of CRISPR guide RNAs. Practical challenges remain, including scalable manufacturing, cold-chain storage, potential immune responses, precise release kinetics, and ensuring targeted delivery with minimal off-target effects. Research continues to refine materials, encapsulation methods, and quality standards for safe and effective RNA delivery.