Protopterus

Protopterus is a genus of African lungfishes (family Protopteridae) within Dipnoi. These large, elongate fishes are among the best studied lungfishes and are native to freshwater habitats in sub-Saharan Africa. The genus includes several species, notably Protopterus annectens (the Senegal lungfish).

Distribution and habitat: They inhabit rivers, swamps, and floodplains across sub-Saharan Africa, often in slow-moving, vegetated waters with muddy substrates.

Anatomy and respiration: Protopterus species have elongated bodies with lobed pectoral and pelvic fins used for crawling. They retain gills in juveniles and possess paired lungs for air breathing; the skin can also participate in gas exchange.

Estivation: A hallmark adaptation is estivation during dry periods. They secrete a mucus cocoon and burrow into mud, greatly reducing metabolism and surviving until rains return.

Diet and reproduction: They are opportunistic bottom feeders, preying on invertebrates and small fish. Reproduction occurs in freshwater; eggs are laid in nests and the young initially have external gills before developing lungs.

Evolution and conservation: Lungfishes have a deep fossil history, and Protopterus represents the African lungfish lineage. Conservation status varies by species; habitat loss and pollution threaten some populations, while others persist in protected or remote waters.