Polysystems

Polysystems refers to a theoretical framework in comparative literature and translation studies that views literature as a dynamic and interconnected system. Developed by Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar, the polysystem theory posits that a literary system, such as the literature of a nation or a language, does not exist in isolation but rather functions within a larger complex of systems, hence "polysystem." This larger system includes other literatures, cultural traditions, and even non-literary phenomena.

The theory emphasizes that literature is not a monolithic entity but a hierarchical structure composed of various subsystems. These subsystems can be categorized as dominant or peripheral. Dominant literatures tend to be more established, producing works that are widely accepted and influential. Peripheral literatures, conversely, are less established and may be more experimental or less widely recognized. The position of a literary system within the polysystem affects its development and the types of literature it produces.

Polysystem theory also highlights the role of translation in shaping literary systems. Translations are not seen as mere reproductions of source texts but as active agents that can introduce new forms, ideas, and influences into a target literary system. The way translations are incorporated, whether they become dominant or remain peripheral, depends on the specific historical and cultural context of the receiving polysystem. This theoretical approach allows for a more nuanced understanding of literary evolution and cross-cultural exchange, moving beyond simplistic notions of influence.