PolandLithuania

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and generally known as the Polish-Lithuanian Union, was a dualistic state of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ruled by a single, elected monarch. It was one of the largest and most populous countries in 16th and 17th century Europe.

The union was formed in 1569 by the Union of Lublin, which formally united Poland and Lithuania. For over two centuries, the Commonwealth was a significant political entity in Europe. Its unique political system, the "Noble's Democracy," allowed for a significant degree of political participation by the nobility (szlachta). The elected monarch was effectively a president, serving at the pleasure of the Sejm, the Commonwealth's parliament.

The Commonwealth was known for its religious tolerance, especially in its early period, attracting various ethnic and religious groups. It played a crucial role in the geopolitical landscape, engaging in numerous wars and alliances. Its military strength was notable, particularly its cavalry.

However, internal divisions, political instability, and external pressures began to weaken the Commonwealth in the 18th century. These factors ultimately led to its partitions by neighboring powers – Russia, Prussia, and Austria – in 1772, 1793, and 1795, resulting in the complete dissolution of the state and the end of its independent existence. Despite its eventual demise, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth left a lasting legacy on the history and culture of Eastern Europe.