Pilula

Pilula is a term used in several languages to denote a small, solid dosage form intended for oral administration. In pharmacology, a pilula may refer to a pill, tablet, or capsule that contains an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) plus inactive substances called excipients. Historically, pilula described a small round mass formed from powdered drugs; today the term is largely superseded by more precise names, though it remains common in everyday language in some regions.

Forms and composition: Tablets are compacted granules that may be coated to control release or improve swallowing; capsules consist of a gelatin shell containing powder, granules, or liquid; caplets are tablet-shaped capsules. Excipients such as binders, disintegrants, lubricants, fillers, and coatings help manufacturing, stability, and patient experience.

Manufacture and regulation: Pills are produced under good manufacturing practices, with quality control to ensure correct identity, strength, purity, and uniformity. Legal requirements mandate clear labeling of active ingredients, dosage, route of administration, storage, expiry, and safety warnings. Regulatory agencies assess safety and efficacy before a product reaches the market.

Use and safety: Oral pills are designed for systemic effect or local action within the gastrointestinal tract. Users should follow prescribed dosages and consult health professionals about potential interactions, allergies, or contraindications. Risks include overdose, adverse reactions, and accidental ingestion by children or inappropriately labeled products.

Terminology and etymology: The word pilula derives from Latin pilula, meaning a small ball or pellet, and has cognates in several languages. In modern pharmacology, more specific terms such as tablet and capsule are preferred for precision.