Phagocytize

Phagocytize is a biological process by which certain types of cells engulf and internalize other particles or cells. The term comes from the Greek words "phagein" meaning "to eat" and "kytos" meaning "cell." Cells that perform phagocytize are known as phagocytes.

Phagocytosis is a fundamental mechanism in the immune system of many organisms, including humans. In vertebrates, specialized white blood cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells are key phagocytes. They play a crucial role in defending the body against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as clearing cellular debris, dead cells, and foreign materials.

The process of phagocytize typically begins when a phagocyte recognizes a target particle. This recognition can occur through specific receptors on the phagocyte's surface that bind to molecules on the target. Once bound, the phagocyte extends its cell membrane, called pseudopods, to surround the particle. These pseudopods then fuse, enclosing the particle within a membrane-bound vesicle inside the phagocyte, known as a phagosome.

Following internalization, the phagosome fuses with lysosomes, which are organelles containing digestive enzymes and reactive oxygen species. This fusion creates a phagolysosome, where the engulfed material is broken down and neutralized. The resulting waste products are then expelled from the cell. Phagocytosis is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis, initiating immune responses, and preventing the spread of infection.