Perusliuos

Perusliuos, in chemistry, is a solution whose pH exceeds 7, i.e., an alkaline or basic solution. It contains dissolved bases, typically hydroxide ions produced when bases dissociate in water. Common strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH); weak bases include ammonia (NH3) and amines. In water, these bases increase hydroxide ion concentration, giving pH values above neutral. The pH scale is logarithmic; at 25°C, pH + pOH = 14.

Properties: basic solutions are caustic and can cause chemical burns; they conduct electricity as electrolytes; they turn red litmus paper blue.

Preparation: by dissolving a base in water, e.g., NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH−(aq); NH3(aq) + H2O ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq). Concentration determines strength: strong bases fully dissociate; weak bases only partially.

Applications: cleaning agents, pH control in industry, water treatment, paper and textile processing, agriculture (liming to raise soil pH). In laboratories, basic solutions are used in titrations with acids and in buffer systems employing weak bases with their conjugate acids.

Safety: alkaline solutions are corrosive; protective equipment is recommended; avoid skin and eye contact; handle with appropriate containment and neutralization capacity.

Environmental note: discharge of highly alkaline solutions can raise water pH and affect aquatic life; neutralization prior to disposal is common.