Persulfaatin

Persulfaatin, or persulfates, are salts containing the persulfate anion S2O8^2−, derived from peroxydisulfuric acid. They are powerful inorganic oxidizers used in industry and the laboratory. The most common persulfates are ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8), sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8). They are typically produced by electrochemical oxidation of sulfate solutions or by industrial processes that generate the peroxydisulfate anion, and are marketed as dry powders or in aqueous solutions.

Persulfates are white, crystalline solids that are highly soluble in water. They are stable at room temperature but can decompose on heating or in the presence of reducing agents, organic materials, or metals. Upon activation by heat, light, or catalysts, persulfates generate sulfate radicals (SO4•−), enabling advanced oxidation processes for organic pollutant degradation. Their strong oxidizing power makes them effective in initiating radical polymerizations and in various cleaning, etching, and cosmetic applications.

Applications of persulfates include initiating radical polymerizations in vinyl and acrylic systems (as initiators for polymer production), hair bleaching formulations (notably ammonium persulfate), and environmental remediation through sulfate radical-based oxidation to break down persistent organic pollutants. They are also used in some analytical and industrial oxidation reactions.

Safety and handling require careful management due to their oxidizing properties. They can ignite or violently react with organic materials and reducing agents; inhalation of dust should be avoided, and appropriate personal protective equipment and storage conditions (cool, dry, away from incompatible substances) should be maintained. Disposal should follow local regulations, as persulfates ultimately convert to sulfate in the environment.