Penang

Penang is a state in the northwest of Peninsular Malaysia, consisting of Penang Island and the mainland Seberang Perai, separated by the Penang Channel. The state capital is George Town, located on the island, which together with surrounding historic areas constitutes a UNESCO World Heritage Site designated in 2008 for its well-preserved colonial architecture and multicultural heritage. The mainland portion lies opposite the island and is connected by bridges and a ferry service.

Penang traces its modern history to 1786, when Captain Francis Light established a British trading post on the island, helping to form the Straits Settlements. It developed as a major entrepôt and transformed into a diversified economy after independence in 1957, with manufacturing, electronics, services, and tourism playing significant roles.

Geography and climate: Penang has a tropical rainforest climate with warm temperatures year-round and a monsoon season. Notable geographic features include the hilly interior around Penang Hill and a long coastline favorable to beaches and port facilities.

Economy and transport: The state hosts electronics manufacturing in the Bayan Lepas area, a growing knowledge economy, and a popular tourist destination. Transportation includes Penang International Airport, the Penang Bridge and a road network linking the island with Seberang Perai, and ferries between George Town and Butterworth.

Culture and society: Penang is a multiethnic society with Malays, Chinese, and Indians forming large communities. Languages include Malay, Chinese dialects, Tamil, and English. Penang is renowned for its street food, diverse religious sites, and heritage architecture. Notable attractions include Kek Lok Si Temple, Penang Hill, the Clan Jetties, and the historic Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion.