Parathyroidism

Parathyroidism refers to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal function of the parathyroid glands, which are small endocrine glands located near the thyroid gland in the neck. The primary function of the parathyroid glands is to regulate calcium levels in the blood by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). There are two main types of parathyroidism: primary and secondary.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common type, occurring when one or more parathyroid glands become overactive, leading to excessive production of PTH. This can result in hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by elevated calcium levels in the blood. Symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism may include fatigue, weakness, constipation, and kidney stones. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium and PTH levels.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands respond to prolonged hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) by producing more PTH. This condition is often associated with chronic kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, or malabsorption syndromes. Symptoms and diagnosis are similar to those of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Parathyroidism can be managed through various treatments, including medication, dietary changes, and in some cases, surgical removal of the affected glands. Lifestyle modifications such as increasing calcium and vitamin D intake, reducing phosphorus intake, and maintaining a healthy weight can also help manage symptoms. Regular monitoring of calcium and PTH levels is essential to ensure effective management and prevent complications.