Paramartha

Paramartha (Chinese: 真谛; pinyin: Zhēnduì; 599–668 CE) was a prominent Chinese Buddhist monk, translator, and scholar of Indian origin who played a significant role in the transmission of Mahayana Buddhism to China during the Tang Dynasty. Born in India, he traveled to China in 635 CE, where he became a disciple of the renowned translator Xuanzang (602–664 CE), who was also a key figure in introducing Buddhist texts to China. Paramartha is best known for his extensive translations of Buddhist scriptures, particularly those related to the Madhyamaka school of philosophy, founded by Nagarjuna.

Paramartha’s contributions were substantial, as he translated over 100 texts into Chinese, including key works such as the *Madhyamaka Sastra*, *Abhidharma-samuccaya*, and various sutras. His translations were highly regarded for their accuracy and clarity, helping to establish a more systematic understanding of Buddhist philosophy in China. Unlike some earlier translators who often adapted texts to fit local cultural contexts, Paramartha emphasized fidelity to the original Indian texts, which influenced later Chinese Buddhist scholarship.

Beyond his work as a translator, Paramartha was also a teacher and abbot of several monasteries, including the famous Jianfu Monastery in Chang’an (modern-day Xi’an). He was known for his deep knowledge of both Indian and Chinese thought, bridging gaps between the two traditions. His legacy endures in the preservation of Mahayana Buddhist teachings in China, particularly in the development of the Huayan (Flower Garland) school, which later incorporated some of his philosophical insights.

Paramartha’s life and work reflect the broader cultural exchange between India and China during the Tang Dynasty, a period marked by increased diplomatic and intellectual interactions. His translations remain foundational texts in Chinese Buddhist studies, and his influence extends to modern scholarship on the history of Buddhism in East Asia.