Pangangatwiran

Pangangatwiran is the process of reasoning or constructing an argument to support a claim, justify a decision, or persuade an audience. It combines a main assertion with supporting evidence and logical connections that show how the conclusion follows from the premises. In Filipino usage, pangangatwiran covers both everyday decision making and formal argumentation in fields such as philosophy, law, journalism, and education.

A typical pangangatwiran includes several elements: a claim or thesis; data or evidence; a warrant or logical link that explains why the data supports the claim; and, where relevant, counterclaims and rebuttals. Analysts may also present backing for the warrants and, at times, qualifiers or a concluding statement. The practice draws on different modes of reasoning, notably deduktibo (deductive) and induktibo (inductive), as well as analogical reasoning.

Effective pangangatwiran requires clear logic, relevance and sufficiency of evidence, and awareness of potential counterarguments. It relies on credible sources, coherent organization, and appropriate use of language to avoid ambiguity. While reasoning aims to be objective, it can be influenced by bias, emotion, or rhetoric. Ethos, logos, and pathos may play roles in persuasion, but responsible pangangatwiran emphasizes sound logic and ethical considerations over manipulation.

In education and public discourse, teaching pangangatwiran strengthens critical thinking and civic dialogue. It equips individuals to evaluate arguments, construct reasoned positions, and engage with others constructively.