Panchen

Panchen is a Tibetan title most often associated with the Panchen Lama, the second highest spiritual authority in the Gelug tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. The Panchen Lama traditionally serves as a senior teacher, religious administrator, and, at times, a political advisor within Tibetan leadership. The office is closely linked to the Dalai Lama and to the major monastic institutions of the Gelug order.

The Panchen Lama lineage began in the 17th century. The seat of the Panchen Lamas is the Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse, Tibet, founded by the 1st Dalai Lama and long associated with the office. The Panchen Lamas have historically helped identify reincarnations of important lamas and have overseen monastic affairs and education, often playing a key role in religious leadership and governance.

In the modern era, the Panchen office has been affected by Tibet’s incorporation into the People’s Republic of China. In 1995, the Dalai Lama selected Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the reincarnation of the Panchen Lama; shortly thereafter, he was detained by Chinese authorities and has remained unavailable. Beijing then authenticated a state-appointed successor, Gyaincain Norbu, a move viewed by many Tibetans and observers as politicized. The status and legitimacy of the Panchen Lama continue to be a point of contention in Tibetan affairs.

Notable holders include the 1st Panchen Lama Lobsang Chögyi Gyaltsen and the 2nd Panchen Lama Sönam Chökyi Gyatso. The office remains an integral part of Gelug religious life and a symbol of how religious authority intersects with politics in the region.