ORS

Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) is a simple, inexpensive liquid used to prevent and treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or other illnesses. It is made by mixing clean water with a precise balance of sugars and salts to promote the absorption of fluids in the intestine.

Typical ORS formulations include glucose and electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate or citrate. The glucose-sodium co-transport mechanism enables rapid water uptake from the small intestine, effectively restoring hydration. The World Health Organization and UNICEF promote a reduced-osmolarity ORS formulation, which uses about 75 mmol/L sodium and 75 mmol/L glucose, along with smaller amounts of potassium, chloride, and citrate. This version aims to reduce stool output and the risk of vomiting, particularly in children with cholera or acute diarrhea.

History and impact: ORS was developed and refined in the 1960s and 1970s by researchers including Nalin and Cash. Since then, it has been widely adopted worldwide and is credited with dramatically lowering mortality from dehydration due to diarrhea, especially in resource-limited settings. ORS is distributed as ready-to-use packets or as guidance for home preparation.

Usage and safety: ORS is used for mild to moderate dehydration and can be administered at home or in clinical settings. Severe dehydration or shock requires intravenous fluids, with ORS used as a supplement or replacement as advised by healthcare professionals. Preparation involves dissolving a sachet in the recommended amount of clean water; avoid contaminated sources and follow local guidelines.