Näennäistieteiden

Näennäistieteet, often translated as pseudoscience, refers to a collection of beliefs, claims, or practices that are presented as scientific but lack supporting evidence or are contradicted by established scientific principles. These fields often appear scientific due to their use of scientific-sounding terminology, anecdotal evidence, or selective presentation of data. However, they typically fail to adhere to the rigorous methodologies of scientific inquiry, such as testability, falsifiability, and peer review.

Key characteristics of pseudoscience include a reliance on anecdotal evidence rather than controlled studies, resistance to criticism and contradictory evidence, a lack of progress or evolution in its theories, and often a vague or untestable theoretical framework. Unlike scientific disciplines that continuously refine their understanding based on new evidence and are open to revision, pseudoscientific ideas tend to remain static or adapt in ways that avoid refutation.

Examples of phenomena often labeled as pseudoscience include astrology, homeopathy, and certain claims related to parapsychology. The distinction between science and pseudoscience is crucial for critical thinking and informed decision-making, as pseudoscientific claims can sometimes lead to harmful or ineffective practices. Scientific consensus and peer-reviewed research are the primary tools used to differentiate between genuine scientific knowledge and pseudoscientific assertions.