Nukleófílum

Nukleófílum is a term used in chemistry to describe a chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond in a reaction. The word "nucleophile" literally means "nucleus-loving," reflecting the fact that these species are attracted to positively charged or electron-deficient centers, often called electrophiles. Nucleophiles are typically electron-rich species.

Common characteristics of nucleophiles include the presence of a lone pair of electrons, a negative charge, or a pi bond. Examples of nucleophiles include hydroxide ions (OH-), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O), alkoxides (RO-), and alkenes. The strength of a nucleophile can vary, and it is influenced by factors such as the charge, electronegativity, and steric hindrance of the attacking atom, as well as the solvent in which the reaction takes place.

Nucleophilic reactions are fundamental in organic chemistry and are involved in a wide range of transformations, such as nucleophilic substitution and nucleophilic addition. In nucleophilic substitution, a nucleophile replaces a leaving group on a substrate. In nucleophilic addition, a nucleophile adds to a molecule containing a multiple bond, such as a carbonyl group. Understanding nucleophilicity is crucial for predicting reaction pathways and designing synthetic strategies.