Nitriilit

Nitriilit, also known as cyanides, are chemical compounds containing a cyano group, which consists of a triple bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom (C≡N). This functional group is highly polar and reactive. Organic nitriles are compounds where the cyano group is attached to a carbon atom, forming a -C≡N substituent. Inorganic nitriles are salts of hydrocyanic acid (HCN), such as potassium cyanide (KCN) and sodium cyanide (NaCN).

The cyano group can be hydrolyzed to form carboxylic acids or amines. Nitriles are important intermediates in organic synthesis, used in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and polymers. For instance, acrylonitrile is a key monomer for producing acrylic fibers and ABS plastics.

Many nitriles, particularly inorganic cyanides and simple organic nitriles like hydrogen cyanide, are highly toxic. They interfere with cellular respiration by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase. Due to their toxicity, handling and disposal of nitriles require strict safety precautions. The cyanide ion (CN-) can readily bind to the iron in hemoglobin, disrupting oxygen transport in the blood. Symptoms of cyanide poisoning can include dizziness, headache, nausea, rapid breathing, and in severe cases, convulsions, coma, and death. Antidotes exist and are administered in cases of acute poisoning.