Neurotransmiterami

Neurotransmiterami refers to chemical messengers known more commonly in English as neurotransmitters, molecules that transmit signals across chemical synapses between neurons or from neurons to effector cells. They are synthesized in nerve cells, stored in synaptic vesicles, and released into the synaptic cleft in response to an action potential. After release, they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and produce excitatory or inhibitory effects, or modulate neuronal activity.

Major categories include amino acid neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA), monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine), acetylcholine, neuropeptides (endorphins, substance P), purines (ATP), and gaseous transmitters (nitric oxide). Receptors are broadly classified as ionotropic, which open ion channels, and metabotropic, which activate intracellular signaling cascades. Signal termination occurs by reuptake into presynaptic neurons or glia, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion away from the synapse.

Neurotransmitters underlie fundamental brain functions such as sensation, movement, emotion, learning, and autonomic regulation. Dysregulation of neurotransmitter systems is implicated in numerous conditions, including depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and addiction. Many pharmacological treatments act by modifying neurotransmitter synthesis, release, receptor interaction, or clearance (for example, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or dopamine replacement therapies). Research continues to explore their diverse roles in synaptic plasticity, development, and neuropsychiatric disorders.