Nerveagents

Nerve agents are a class of highly toxic organophosphorus compounds developed for chemical warfare. They act by phosphorylating the active site of acetylcholinesterase, irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme and causing a rapid cholinergic crisis that affects the nervous system and muscles.

Exposure to nerve agents can occur through inhalation or dermal contact. Onset of symptoms is often rapid and may include excessive salivation, tearing, urination, defecation, vomiting, constricted pupils, bronchospasm, bradycardia, muscle fasciculations, weakness, confusion, seizures, and potentially respiratory failure.

The most well-known nerve agents belong to two main series. G-series agents include tabun (GA), sarin (GB), and soman (GD). VX is a representative member of the V-series. Reports of newer agents, sometimes referred to as Novichoks, have appeared in the literature and public discourse. All of these compounds are extremely toxic and are subject to strict international control.

Regulatory and historical context: Nerve agents are prohibited under the Chemical Weapons Convention, and national programs have pursued destruction of stockpiles under verification by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. They remain a focus of international security and arms-control efforts, with ongoing monitoring and preparedness to prevent illicit production and use.

Medical management and response: In suspected exposure, immediate decontamination is essential. Treatment focuses on blocking muscarinic effects with atropine, reactivating acetylcholinesterase with pralidoxime when appropriate, and controlling seizures with benzodiazepines, along with supportive care. Protective equipment and rapid detection are critical for first responders.