Nefrolithotomy

Nefrolithotomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiasis. The term "nefrolithotomy" is derived from Greek roots: "nephros" meaning kidney, "lithos" meaning stone, and "tomy" meaning to cut. Historically, this was a more invasive procedure involving a significant incision through the flank to access the kidney and extract the stones.

Modern approaches to nefrolithotomy have largely been replaced by less invasive techniques. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the current standard, where a small incision is made in the back, and a scope is inserted into the kidney to break up and remove stones. This method offers faster recovery times and reduced complications compared to open nefrolithotomy. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), which uses sound waves to break stones from outside the body, and ureteroscopy, which uses a scope passed through the urinary tract, are other less invasive alternatives. Open nefrolithotomy is now rarely performed and is typically reserved for very large or complex stone burdens where other methods have failed or are not feasible. The decision to perform any type of stone removal procedure depends on the size, location, and number of stones, as well as the patient's overall health.