Mélyalapozások

Mélyalapozások, or deep foundations, are structural elements that transfer building loads to deeper, more competent soil or rock strata. This is typically done when the shallow soil layers near the surface are not strong enough to support the intended weight of a structure. Deep foundations are essential in geotechnical engineering projects, particularly in areas with weak or compressible soils, or where significant loads need to be managed.

There are several common types of mélyalapozások. Piles are long, slender elements driven or bored into the ground. They can be made of concrete, steel, or timber and can transfer loads through end bearing (resting on a firm layer) or skin friction (resistance along the pile's surface). Another type is caissons, which are large, hollow structures that are sunk into the ground and then filled with concrete. These are often used for very heavy loads and in situations where excavation needs to be protected from water. Diaphragm walls, while primarily used for excavation support, can also function as deep foundations in certain circumstances, transferring loads through their large surface area.

The design and selection of mélyalapozások depend on various factors, including the soil conditions, the magnitude of the loads, environmental considerations, and economic feasibility. Soil investigations, using techniques like boreholes and CPT (Cone Penetration Testing), are crucial to determine the appropriate type and depth of the foundation. Proper installation is also critical to ensure the foundation performs as intended and safely supports the structure above.