Mäluliik

Mäluliik (memory type) is a term used in computing to describe the different categories of memory and storage that a computer system uses. These types vary by volatility, persistence, speed, and intended use, and they form a hierarchy from fast, expensive memory near the processor to slower, cheaper storage with larger capacity.

Primary memory includes volatile memory such as random access memory (RAM), typically implemented as DRAM (dynamic RAM) or SRAM (static RAM). RAM holds data and instructions while the processor is executing them. Cache memory, usually SRAM, sits closer to the CPU and reduces access times. Non-volatile primary memory includes ROM (read-only memory) and newer forms like MRAM or NVRAM, used to store firmware or system state when power is removed.

Secondary memory comprises non-volatile storage used for long-term data preservation and larger capacity, such as hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), optical discs, and magnetic tapes. These devices are slower than RAM but much cheaper per byte and retain data without power.

Within memory systems, the distinction volatile vs non-volatile, and random access vs sequential access, influences performance and use cases. The modern memory hierarchy combines caches, main memory, and storage to balance speed, cost, and durability. Advances in memory technologies, such as flash memory, persistent memory, and experimental storage-class memory, continue to reshape the landscape of mäluliik.