Montezumas

Montezumas refers to a group of historical figures known as the Aztec emperors, specifically those who ruled the Aztec Empire (or Triple Alliance) centered in Tenochtitlán, present-day Mexico City. The term is often used colloquially to describe the rulers of the empire, particularly the last three emperors: Axayacatl (reigned 1469–1481), Tizoc (reigned 1481–1486), and Ahuitzotl (reigned 1486–1502). However, the most famous and widely referenced "Montezuma" in popular culture is Montezuma II (also known as Moctezuma Xocoyotzin), who ruled from 1502 until his death in 1520.

The Aztec Empire was one of the most powerful Mesoamerican civilizations before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors. The empire was built on a system of tribute from conquered city-states, trade networks, and military dominance. Montezuma II is particularly notable for his reign during the early 16th century, a period marked by internal tensions, religious rituals, and the eventual Spanish conquest led by Hernán Cortés. His death in 1520, following the fall of Tenochtitlán, marked the beginning of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico.

The term "Montezuma" is also sometimes used in modern contexts to refer to a severe case of traveler’s diarrhea, often attributed to consuming food or water contaminated with bacteria such as *Escherichia coli* (E. coli) or *Salmonella*. This condition is named after Montezuma II, as Spanish conquistadors reportedly suffered from severe gastrointestinal illness upon encountering unfamiliar foods and water in the New World. The term "Montezuma’s revenge" is a playful reference to this phenomenon, though it is not an official medical diagnosis.

Montezuma II remains a significant figure in Mexican history, symbolizing the end of an era and the beginning of Spanish colonial influence. His legacy is studied in the context of Aztec culture, politics, and the broader history of Mesoamerica.