Monopolet

Monopolet is a term used to describe a government or public sector monopoly—an arrangement in which the state has exclusive rights to produce, distribute, or sell a particular good or service within a country or region. Monopolets are typically established to regulate access, ensure product safety, stabilize prices, collect revenue, and pursue public policy goals such as reducing social harms or protecting health. They most commonly cover alcohol and tobacco retail, as well as lotteries or certain postal services, and they may operate through a single national company or a network of outlets.

In several Nordic and Baltic countries, monopolets are publicly owned retailers responsible for the sale of alcoholic beverages. Norway operates Vinmonopolet, a government-owned chain that sells wine, spirits, and stronger beer through a nationwide network. Sweden maintains Systembolaget, the state monopoly that regulates alcohol sales and typically restricts where and how such products can be sold. Finland operates Alko, a state-owned distributor handling the sale of strong alcoholic beverages. Each monopoly sets its own product selection, prices, hours, and age-check rules in accordance with national policy.

The concept has historical roots in temperance movements and post-war public-health policies. Proponents argue that monopolies help reduce harm, improve quality control, and ensure tax revenue. Critics contend that monopolies limit competition, consumer choice, and cross-border trade, potentially increasing prices and reducing efficiency. The form and scope of monopolets vary by country and political context.