Methylates

Methylates is the process of introducing a methyl group into a molecule, typically yielding a methylated product. In chemistry, methylation refers to the transfer of a CH3 group from a donor such as S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) in biological systems, or from reagents such as methyl iodide, dimethyl sulfate, or methyl triflate in laboratory settings. Enzymes called methyltransferases catalyze many biological methylation reactions, often using SAM as the methyl donor. In organic synthesis, methylation can proceed via electrophilic or nucleophilic mechanisms depending on substrates and reagents.

Biological methylation is widespread and important for regulation and function. DNA methylation commonly involves transfer of a methyl group to cytosine in vertebrate genomes, producing 5-methylcytosine; it influences gene expression, development, imprinting, and chromatin structure. RNA methylation (for example N6-methyladenosine) and protein methylation modulate RNA stability, translation, and protein interactions. Methylation is often reversible through demethylases, allowing dynamic control of molecular activity.

In chemistry and industry, methylation is used to modify reactivity, protect functional groups, and tune properties of pharmaceuticals and materials. Reagents such as methyl iodide, dimethyl sulfate, and methyl triflate are common methylating agents; methods include electrophilic methylation of heteroatoms and nucleophilic methylation of carbon centers. Safety and regulatory concerns apply, as many methylating agents are toxic or carcinogenic and require careful handling and disposal.