Magfizika

Magfizika, or magnetism physics, is the branch of physics that studies magnetic fields, magnetic forces, and the behavior of magnetic materials. It covers how electric currents and moving charges generate magnetic fields, how magnetic fields influence matter, and how materials become magnetized. The fundamental quantities include the magnetic field B, the magnetic intensity H, and the magnetization M, which describe, respectively, the field, its source, and the material response.

Magnetism is commonly categorized as diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism and related forms. Diamagnetic materials develop a weak, opposing magnetization in an external field; paramagnets align only weakly with the field; ferromagnets exhibit strong spontaneous magnetization and magnetic domains, leading to hysteresis and remanence. Quantum mechanics explains magnetism through electron spin and exchange interactions.

Historically, magnetism traces to lodestones. In the 19th century, Ørsted showed that electric currents produce magnetic fields, and Faraday and Maxwell linked electricity and magnetism into a unified theory. Today magfizika underpins technologies such as electric motors and generators, transformers, magnetic data storage, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as magnetic sensing and levitation.

Current research covers spintronics, nanomagnetism, and magnetic phenomena in condensed matter, where quantum effects and phase transitions are explored. Designing magnetic materials with specified coercivity, permeability, and saturation drives advances in energy efficiency, information technology, and medicine.