Macrólidos

Macrólidos are a class of antibiotics characterized by a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars are attached. This structural feature is central to their mechanism of action, which involves binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. By interfering with protein synthesis, macrólidos inhibit bacterial growth, making them effective against a range of infections.

Commonly prescribed macrólidos include erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin. They are often used to treat respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections. Their spectrum of activity primarily includes Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria, as well as atypical pathogens like Mycoplasma and Chlamydia.

Macrólidos are typically administered orally, though intravenous formulations are available for more severe infections. They are generally well-tolerated, with common side effects including gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, potential for drug interactions exists, particularly with azole antifungals and certain cardiac medications. Resistance to macrólidos can develop in bacteria, often through modifications of the ribosomal binding site or through efflux pumps that actively remove the drug from the bacterial cell. This growing resistance is a significant concern in clinical practice.